Metadata reference

EXIF tag reference

Every standard EXIF and GPS tag, explained — with commands to read, write and remove them.

Most useful tags#

ImageWidthWidth of the image in pixels (IFD0). ImageHeightHeight of the image in pixels (IFD0). BitsPerSampleNumber of bits per colour channel. CompressionCompression scheme of the image data (JPEG, uncompressed, LZW…). ImageDescriptionCaption text. MakeCamera manufacturer. ModelCamera model name. OrientationHow the image should be rotated for display (1 = normal, 6 = rotate 90° CW, 8 = XResolutionHorizontal print resolution (pixels per ResolutionUnit) — does not affect pixel YResolutionVertical print resolution. ResolutionUnitUnit for X/YResolution (inches or cm). SoftwareFirmware or editing software that produced the file. ModifyDateWhen the file was last changed. ArtistPhotographer name. CopyrightCopyright notice. ExposureTimeThe shutter speed used, stored as a fraction of a second (e.g. 1/250). FNumberThe aperture f-number used for the shot. ExposureProgramWhich exposure mode was used — manual, program, aperture priority, shutter prior ISOThe ISO sensitivity setting (ExifTool reads ISOSpeedRatings / PhotographicSensit SensitivityTypeWhich ISO definition is reported (standard output sensitivity, REI, ISO speed…). RecommendedExposureIndexThe camera's recommended exposure index (relates to ISO definition). DateTimeOriginalWhen the photo was taken (local camera time, without time zone unless OffsetTime CreateDateWhen the image was digitised — usually the same as DateTimeOriginal for digital OffsetTimeOriginalTime-zone offset (e.g. +02:00) for DateTimeOriginal, written by newer cameras.

What is EXIF?#

EXIF (Exchangeable Image File Format) metadata is written by cameras and phones into JPEG, HEIF, TIFF and RAW files: camera and lens, exposure settings, date and time, orientation and often GPS position. Tags live in directories (IFDs): IFD0 for basic image info, ExifIFD for capture settings, GPS for location, InteropIFD for compatibility.

Privacy: GPS coordinates, serial numbers and owner names can identify you. Strip them before publishing with exiftool -gps:all= -SerialNumber= image.jpg.

All 323 EXIF & GPS tags#

TagIDIFDTypeMeaning
InteropIndex0x0001InteropIFDstring!
InteropVersion0x0002InteropIFDundef!:
ProcessingSoftware0x000bIFD0string(used by ACD Systems Digital Imaging)
SubfileType0x00feIFD0int32u!(called NewSubfileType by the TIFF specification)
OldSubfileType0x00ffIFD0int16u!(called SubfileType by the TIFF specification)
ImageWidth0x0100IFD0int32u!Width of the image in pixels (IFD0).
ImageHeight0x0101IFD0int32u!Height of the image in pixels (IFD0).
BitsPerSample0x0102IFD0int16u!Number of bits per colour channel.
Compression0x0103IFD0int16u!:Compression scheme of the image data (JPEG, uncompressed, LZW…).
PhotometricInterpretation0x0106IFD0int16u!
Thresholding0x0107IFD0int16u!
CellWidth0x0108IFD0int16u!
CellLength0x0109IFD0int16u!
FillOrder0x010aIFD0int16u!
DocumentName0x010dIFD0string
ImageDescription0x010eIFD0stringCaption text.
Make0x010fIFD0stringCamera manufacturer.
Model0x0110IFD0stringCamera model name.
Orientation0x0112IFD0int16uHow the image should be rotated for display (1 = normal, 6 = rotate 90° CW, 8 = rotate 270° CW).
SamplesPerPixel0x0115IFD0int16u!
RowsPerStrip0x0116IFD0int32u!
MinSampleValue0x0118IFD0int16u
MaxSampleValue0x0119IFD0int16u
XResolution0x011aIFD0rational64u:Horizontal print resolution (pixels per ResolutionUnit) — does not affect pixel count.
YResolution0x011bIFD0rational64u:Vertical print resolution.
PlanarConfiguration0x011cIFD0int16u!
PageName0x011dIFD0string
XPosition0x011eIFD0rational64u
YPosition0x011fIFD0rational64u
GrayResponseUnit0x0122IFD0int16u
ResolutionUnit0x0128IFD0int16u:Unit for X/YResolution (inches or cm).
PageNumber0x0129IFD0int16u
TransferFunction0x012dIFD0int16u!
Software0x0131IFD0stringFirmware or editing software that produced the file.
ModifyDate0x0132IFD0stringWhen the file was last changed.
Artist0x013bIFD0stringPhotographer name.
HostComputer0x013cIFD0string
Predictor0x013dIFD0int16u!
WhitePoint0x013eIFD0rational64u
PrimaryChromaticities0x013fIFD0rational64u
HalftoneHints0x0141IFD0int16u
TileWidth0x0142IFD0int32u!
TileLength0x0143IFD0int32u!
InkSet0x014cIFD0int16u
TargetPrinter0x0151IFD0string
ThumbnailOffset0x0201IFD1int32u*(called JPEGInterchangeFormat in the specification, this is ThumbnailOffset in IFD1 of JPEG and some TIFF-base
ThumbnailLength0x0202IFD1int32u*(called JPEGInterchangeFormatLength in the specification, this is ThumbnailLength in IFD1 of JPEG and some TIF
YCbCrCoefficients0x0211IFD0rational64u!
YCbCrSubSampling0x0212IFD0int16u!
YCbCrPositioning0x0213IFD0int16u!:
ReferenceBlackWhite0x0214IFD0rational64u
ApplicationNotes0x02bcIFD0int8u!--> XMP Tags
RelatedImageFileFormat0x1000InteropIFDstring!
RelatedImageWidth0x1001InteropIFDint16u!
RelatedImageHeight0x1002InteropIFDint16u!(called RelatedImageLength by the DCF spec.)
Rating0x4746IFD0int16u/
RatingPercent0x4749IFD0int16u/
VignettingCorrection0x7031SubIFDint16s!(found in Sony ARW images)
VignettingCorrParams0x7032SubIFDint16s!(found in Sony ARW images)
ChromaticAberrationCorrection0x7034SubIFDint16s!(found in Sony ARW images)
ChromaticAberrationCorrParams0x7035SubIFDint16s!(found in Sony ARW images)
DistortionCorrection0x7036SubIFDint16s!(found in Sony ARW images)
DistortionCorrParams0x7037SubIFDint16s!(found in Sony ARW images)
SonyRawImageSize0x7038SubIFDint32u!(size of actual image in Sony ARW files)
BlackLevel0x7310SubIFDint16u!(found in Sony ARW images)
WB_RGGBLevels0x7313SubIFDint16s!(found in Sony ARW images)
SonyCropTopLeft0x74c7SubIFDint32u!
SonyCropSize0x74c8SubIFDint32u!
CFARepeatPatternDim0x828dSubIFDint16u!
CFAPattern20x828eSubIFDint8u!
Copyright0x8298IFD0stringCopyright notice.
ExposureTime0x829aExifIFDrational64uThe shutter speed used, stored as a fraction of a second (e.g. 1/250).
FNumber0x829dExifIFDrational64uThe aperture f-number used for the shot.
PixelScale0x830eIFD0double
IPTC-NAA0x83bbIFD0int32u!--> IPTC Tags
IntergraphMatrix0x8480IFD0double
ModelTiePoint0x8482IFD0double
SEMInfo0x8546IFD0string(found in some scanning electron microscope images)
ModelTransform0x85d8IFD0double
PhotoshopSettings0x8649IFD0---> Photoshop Tags
ExifOffset0x8769IFD0---> EXIF Tags
ICC_Profile0x8773IFD0---> ICC_Profile Tags
GeoTiffDirectory0x87afIFD0int16u[0.5](these "GeoTiff" tags may read and written as a block, but they aren't extracted unless specifically requested
GeoTiffDoubleParams0x87b0IFD0double[0.125]
GeoTiffAsciiParams0x87b1IFD0string
ExposureProgram0x8822ExifIFDint16uWhich exposure mode was used — manual, program, aperture priority, shutter priority, etc.
SpectralSensitivity0x8824ExifIFDstring
GPSInfo0x8825IFD0---> GPS Tags
ISO0x8827ExifIFDint16uThe ISO sensitivity setting (ExifTool reads ISOSpeedRatings / PhotographicSensitivity).
TimeZoneOffset0x882aExifIFDint16s(1 or 2 values: 1. The time zone offset of DateTimeOriginal from GMT in hours, 2. If present, the time zone of
SelfTimerMode0x882bExifIFDint16u
SensitivityType0x8830ExifIFDint16uWhich ISO definition is reported (standard output sensitivity, REI, ISO speed…).
StandardOutputSensitivity0x8831ExifIFDint32u
RecommendedExposureIndex0x8832ExifIFDint32uThe camera's recommended exposure index (relates to ISO definition).
ISOSpeed0x8833ExifIFDint32u
ISOSpeedLatitudeyyy0x8834ExifIFDint32u
ISOSpeedLatitudezzz0x8835ExifIFDint32u
ExifVersion0x9000ExifIFDundef:
DateTimeOriginal0x9003ExifIFDstringWhen the photo was taken (local camera time, without time zone unless OffsetTimeOriginal is set).
CreateDate0x9004ExifIFDstringWhen the image was digitised — usually the same as DateTimeOriginal for digital cameras.
GooglePlusUploadCode0x9009ExifIFDundef
OffsetTime0x9010ExifIFDstring(time zone for ModifyDate)
OffsetTimeOriginal0x9011ExifIFDstringTime-zone offset (e.g. +02:00) for DateTimeOriginal, written by newer cameras.
OffsetTimeDigitized0x9012ExifIFDstring(time zone for CreateDate)
ComponentsConfiguration0x9101ExifIFDundef!:
CompressedBitsPerPixel0x9102ExifIFDrational64u!
ShutterSpeedValue0x9201ExifIFDrational64sShutter speed in APEX units (log₂).
ApertureValue0x9202ExifIFDrational64uAperture in APEX units.
BrightnessValue0x9203ExifIFDrational64sScene brightness in APEX units measured by the camera.
ExposureCompensation0x9204ExifIFDrational64sExposure bias dialled in, in EV (ExposureBiasValue).
MaxApertureValue0x9205ExifIFDrational64uWidest aperture of the lens at the focal length used, in APEX units.
SubjectDistance0x9206ExifIFDrational64uFocus distance reported by the camera, in metres.
MeteringMode0x9207ExifIFDint16uMetering pattern: average, centre-weighted, spot, multi-segment (matrix/evaluative), etc.
LightSource0x9208ExifIFDint16uLight source setting: daylight, fluorescent, tungsten, flash, etc.
Flash0x9209ExifIFDint16uWhether the flash fired, its mode and return-light detection — encoded as a bit field.
FocalLength0x920aExifIFDrational64uThe actual focal length of the lens in millimetres.
ImageNumber0x9211ExifIFDint32u
SecurityClassification0x9212ExifIFDstring
ImageHistory0x9213ExifIFDstring
SubjectArea0x9214ExifIFDint16u
SensingMethod0x9217-noSensor type, e.g. one-chip colour area sensor.
MakerNoteApple0x927cExifIFDundef--> Apple Tags --> Nikon Tags --> Canon Tags --> Casio Tags --> Casio Type2 Tags --> DJI Info Tags --> DJI Tag
UserComment0x9286ExifIFDundefFree-text comment field.
LearningOptOutIn0x9287ExifIFDundef(multiple values: 0. "All / Individual Usage Not Specified","Non-Generative AI/ML Training","Generative AI/ML
SubSecTime0x9290ExifIFDstring(fractional seconds for ModifyDate)
SubSecTimeOriginal0x9291ExifIFDstring(fractional seconds for DateTimeOriginal)
SubSecTimeDigitized0x9292ExifIFDstring(fractional seconds for CreateDate)
ImageSourceData0x935cIFD0undef!--> Photoshop DocumentData Tags
AmbientTemperature0x9400ExifIFDrational64s(ambient temperature in degrees C, called Temperature by the EXIF spec.)
Humidity0x9401ExifIFDrational64u(ambient relative humidity in percent)
Pressure0x9402ExifIFDrational64u(air pressure in hPa or mbar)
WaterDepth0x9403ExifIFDrational64s(depth under water in metres, negative for above water)
Acceleration0x9404ExifIFDrational64u(directionless camera acceleration in units of mGal, or 10-5 m/s2)
CameraElevationAngle0x9405ExifIFDrational64s
XiaomiSettings0x9999ExifIFDstring!--> JSON Tags
XiaomiModel0x9a00ExifIFDstring!
XPTitle0x9c9bIFD0int8u(tags 0x9c9b-0x9c9f are used by Windows Explorer; special characters in these values are converted to UTF-8 by
XPComment0x9c9cIFD0int8u
XPAuthor0x9c9dIFD0int8u(ignored by Windows Explorer if Artist exists)
XPKeywords0x9c9eIFD0int8u
XPSubject0x9c9fIFD0int8u
FlashpixVersion0xa000ExifIFDundef:
ColorSpace0xa001ExifIFDint16u:Colour space tag: 1 = sRGB, 0xFFFF = uncalibrated (often Adobe RGB).
ExifImageWidth0xa002ExifIFDint16u:Width of the main image in pixels.
ExifImageHeight0xa003ExifIFDint16u:Height of the main image in pixels.
RelatedSoundFile0xa004ExifIFDstring
SubjectLocation0xa214ExifIFDint16u
FileSource0xa300ExifIFDundefSource of the image, e.g. digital camera or film scanner.
SceneType0xa301ExifIFDundef
CFAPattern0xa302ExifIFDundef
CustomRendered0xa401ExifIFDint16uWhether special processing (e.g. HDR, portrait mode) was applied.
ExposureMode0xa402ExifIFDint16uAuto exposure, manual, or auto bracket.
WhiteBalance0xa403ExifIFDint16uWhether white balance was automatic or manual.
DigitalZoomRatio0xa404ExifIFDrational64uDigital zoom factor applied (0 or 1 = none).
FocalLengthIn35mmFormat0xa405ExifIFDint16uFocal length converted to its 35 mm (full-frame) equivalent by the camera.
SceneCaptureType0xa406ExifIFDint16uScene mode: standard, landscape, portrait or night.
GainControl0xa407ExifIFDint16uOverall gain applied (related to ISO).
Contrast0xa408ExifIFDint16uIn-camera contrast setting.
Saturation0xa409ExifIFDint16uIn-camera saturation setting.
Sharpness0xa40aExifIFDint16uIn-camera sharpening setting.
SubjectDistanceRange0xa40cExifIFDint16uRough distance class: macro, close or distant.
DevelopmentType0xa40dExifIFDint16u[Value 0] [Value 1]
DevelopmentTypeDescription0xa40eExifIFDstring
ShadingCorrection0xa411ExifIFDint16u
NoiseReduction0xa412ExifIFDint16u
ImageUniqueID0xa420ExifIFDstringUnique identifier for the image.
OwnerName0xa430ExifIFDstring(called CameraOwnerName by the EXIF spec.)
SerialNumber0xa431ExifIFDstringCamera body serial number (BodySerialNumber).
LensInfo0xa432ExifIFDrational64u(4 rational values giving focal and aperture ranges, called LensSpecification by the EXIF spec.)
LensMake0xa433ExifIFDstringLens manufacturer.
LensModel0xa434ExifIFDstringLens name as reported by the camera.
LensSerialNumber0xa435ExifIFDstringLens serial number.
ImageTitle0xa436ExifIFDstring
Photographer0xa437ExifIFDstring
ImageEditor0xa438ExifIFDstring
CameraFirmware0xa439ExifIFDstring
RAWDevelopingSoftware0xa43aExifIFDstring
ImageEditingSoftware0xa43bExifIFDstring
MetadataEditingSoftware0xa43cExifIFDstring
CompositeImage0xa460ExifIFDint16u
CompositeImageCount0xa461ExifIFDint16u(2 values: 1. Number of source images, 2. Number of images used. Called SourceImageNumberOfCompositeImage by t
CompositeImageExposureTimes0xa462ExifIFDundef(11 or more values: 1. Total exposure time period, 2. Total exposure of all source images, 3. Total exposure o
GDALMetadata0xa480IFD0string
GDALNoData0xa481IFD0string
Gamma0xa500ExifIFDrational64u
PrintIM0xc4a5IFD0undef--> PrintIM Tags
DNGVersion0xc612IFD0int8u!(tags 0xc612-0xcd48 are defined by the DNG specification unless otherwise noted. See https://helpx.adobe.com/p
DNGBackwardVersion0xc613IFD0int8u!
UniqueCameraModel0xc614IFD0string
LocalizedCameraModel0xc615IFD0string
LinearizationTable0xc618SubIFDint16u!
BlackLevelRepeatDim0xc619SubIFDint16u!
BlackLevelDeltaH0xc61bSubIFDrational64s!
BlackLevelDeltaV0xc61cSubIFDrational64s!
WhiteLevel0xc61dSubIFDint32u!
DefaultScale0xc61eSubIFDrational64u!
DefaultCropOrigin0xc61fSubIFDint32u!
DefaultCropSize0xc620SubIFDint32u!
ColorMatrix10xc621IFD0rational64s!
ColorMatrix20xc622IFD0rational64s!
CameraCalibration10xc623IFD0rational64s!
CameraCalibration20xc624IFD0rational64s!
ReductionMatrix10xc625IFD0rational64s!
ReductionMatrix20xc626IFD0rational64s!
AnalogBalance0xc627IFD0rational64u!
AsShotNeutral0xc628IFD0rational64u!
AsShotWhiteXY0xc629IFD0rational64u!
BaselineExposure0xc62aIFD0rational64s!
BaselineNoise0xc62bIFD0rational64u!
BaselineSharpness0xc62cIFD0rational64u!
BayerGreenSplit0xc62dSubIFDint32u!
LinearResponseLimit0xc62eIFD0rational64u!
CameraSerialNumber0xc62fIFD0string
DNGLensInfo0xc630IFD0rational64u
ChromaBlurRadius0xc631SubIFDrational64u!
AntiAliasStrength0xc632SubIFDrational64u!
ShadowScale0xc633IFD0rational64u!
SR2Private0xc634IFD0---> Sony SR2Private Tags --> DNG AdobeData Tags --> Pentax Tags --> Pentax Tags --> Pentax Tags --> DJI Info T
MakerNoteSafety0xc635IFD0int16u
CalibrationIlluminant10xc65aIFD0int16u!--> EXIF LightSource Values
CalibrationIlluminant20xc65bIFD0int16u!--> EXIF LightSource Values
BestQualityScale0xc65cSubIFDrational64u!
RawDataUniqueID0xc65dIFD0int8u!
OriginalRawFileName0xc68bIFD0string!
OriginalRawFileData0xc68cIFD0undef!--> DNG OriginalRaw Tags
ActiveArea0xc68dSubIFDint32u!
MaskedAreas0xc68eSubIFDint32u!
AsShotICCProfile0xc68fIFD0undef!--> ICC_Profile Tags
AsShotPreProfileMatrix0xc690IFD0rational64s!
CurrentICCProfile0xc691IFD0undef!--> ICC_Profile Tags
CurrentPreProfileMatrix0xc692IFD0rational64s!
ColorimetricReference0xc6bfIFD0int16u!
PanasonicTitle0xc6d2IFD0undef(proprietary Panasonic tag used for baby/pet name, etc)
PanasonicTitle20xc6d3IFD0undef(proprietary Panasonic tag used for baby/pet name with age)
CameraCalibrationSig0xc6f3IFD0string!
ProfileCalibrationSig0xc6f4IFD0string!
ProfileIFD0xc6f5IFD0---> EXIF Tags
AsShotProfileName0xc6f6IFD0string!
NoiseReductionApplied0xc6f7SubIFDrational64u!
ProfileName0xc6f8IFD0string!
ProfileHueSatMapDims0xc6f9IFD0int32u!
ProfileHueSatMapData10xc6faIFD0float!
ProfileHueSatMapData20xc6fbIFD0float!
ProfileToneCurve0xc6fcIFD0float!
ProfileEmbedPolicy0xc6fdIFD0int32u!
ProfileCopyright0xc6feIFD0string!
ForwardMatrix10xc714IFD0rational64s!
ForwardMatrix20xc715IFD0rational64s!
PreviewApplicationName0xc716IFD0string!
PreviewApplicationVersion0xc717IFD0string!
PreviewSettingsName0xc718IFD0string!
PreviewSettingsDigest0xc719IFD0int8u!
PreviewColorSpace0xc71aIFD0int32u!
PreviewDateTime0xc71bIFD0string!
RawImageDigest0xc71cIFD0int8u!
OriginalRawFileDigest0xc71dIFD0int8u!
ProfileLookTableDims0xc725IFD0int32u!
ProfileLookTableData0xc726IFD0float!
OpcodeList10xc740SubIFDundef~!
OpcodeList20xc741SubIFDundef~!
OpcodeList30xc74eSubIFDundef~!
NoiseProfile0xc761SubIFDdouble!
TimeCodes0xc763IFD0int8u
FrameRate0xc764IFD0rational64s
TStop0xc772IFD0rational64u
ReelName0xc789IFD0string
OriginalDefaultFinalSize0xc791IFD0int32u!
OriginalBestQualitySize0xc792IFD0int32u!(called OriginalBestQualityFinalSize by the DNG spec)
OriginalDefaultCropSize0xc793IFD0rational64u!
CameraLabel0xc7a1IFD0string
ProfileHueSatMapEncoding0xc7a3IFD0int32u!
ProfileLookTableEncoding0xc7a4IFD0int32u!
BaselineExposureOffset0xc7a5IFD0rational64s!
DefaultBlackRender0xc7a6IFD0int32u!
NewRawImageDigest0xc7a7IFD0int8u!
RawToPreviewGain0xc7a8IFD0double!
DefaultUserCrop0xc7b5SubIFDrational64u!
DepthFormat0xc7e9IFD0int16u!(tags 0xc7e9-0xc7ee added by DNG 1.5.0.0)
DepthNear0xc7eaIFD0rational64u!
DepthFar0xc7ebIFD0rational64u!
DepthUnits0xc7ecIFD0int16u!
DepthMeasureType0xc7edIFD0int16u!
EnhanceParams0xc7eeIFD0string!
ProfileGainTableMap0xcd2dSubIFDundef!
CalibrationIlluminant30xcd31IFD0int16u!--> EXIF LightSource Values
CameraCalibration30xcd32IFD0rational64s!
ColorMatrix30xcd33IFD0rational64s!
ForwardMatrix30xcd34IFD0rational64s!
IlluminantData10xcd35IFD0undef!
IlluminantData20xcd36IFD0undef!
IlluminantData30xcd37IFD0undef!
ProfileHueSatMapData30xcd39IFD0float!
ReductionMatrix30xcd3aIFD0rational64s!
RGBTables0xcd3fIFD0undef!
ProfileGainTableMap20xcd40IFD0undef!
ColumnInterleaveFactor0xcd43SubIFDint32u!
ImageSequenceInfo0xcd44IFD0undef--> DNG ImageSeq Tags
ImageStats0xcd46IFD0undef!
ProfileDynamicRange0xcd47IFD0undef--> DNG ProfileDynamicRange Tags
ProfileGroupName0xcd48IFD0string!
JXLDistance0xcd49IFD0float
JXLEffort0xcd4aIFD0int32u
JXLDecodeSpeed0xcd4bIFD0int32u
SEAL0xcea1IFD0string--> XMP SEAL Tags
Padding0xea1cExifIFDundef!
OffsetSchema0xea1dExifIFDint32s!(Microsoft's ill-conceived maker note offset difference)
Lens0xfdeaExifIFDstring/
RawFile0xfe4cExifIFDstring/
Converter0xfe4dExifIFDstring/
Exposure0xfe51ExifIFDstring/
Shadows0xfe52ExifIFDstring/
Brightness0xfe53ExifIFDstring/
Smoothness0xfe57ExifIFDstring/
MoireFilter0xfe58ExifIFDstring/
GPSLatitudeRef0x0001(tags 0x0001-0x0006 used for camera location according to MWG 2.0. ExifToolstringN or S hemisphere for GPSLatitude.
GPSLatitude0x0002rational64uLatitude where the photo was taken — remove it before sharing if location privacy matters.
GPSLongitudeRef0x0003(ExifTool will also accept a number when writing this tag, positive for eaststringE or W for GPSLongitude.
GPSLongitude0x0004rational64uLongitude where the photo was taken — strip it for privacy when publishing online.
GPSAltitude0x0006rational64uAltitude in metres (above or below sea level per GPSAltitudeRef).
GPSTimeStamp0x0007(UTC time of GPS fix. When writing, date is stripped off if present, andrational64uUTC time of the GPS fix.
GPSSpeed0x000drational64uSpeed of the GPS receiver.
GPSImgDirection0x0011rational64uCompass direction the camera was pointing.
GPSDateStamp0x001d(when writing, time is stripped off if present, after adjusting date/time tostringUTC date of the GPS fix.

Sources & licences#

Last updated October 03, 2026 · How we calculate · Sources